In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object. This is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across the system. The concept is sometimes generalized to systems that operate more efficiently when only one object exists, or that restrict the instantiation to a certain number of objects. The terms comes from the mathematical concept of a singleton.
There is criticism of the use of the singleton pattern, as some consider it an anti-pattern, judging that it is overused, introduces unnecessary restrictions in situations where a sole instance of a class is not actually required, and introduces global state into an application.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
In C++ it also serves to isolate from the unpredictability of the order of dynamic initialization, returning control to the programmer.
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Common uses
- The Abstract Factory, Builder, and Prototype patterns can use Singletons in their implementation.
- Facade Objects are often Singletons because only one Facade object is required.
- State objects are often Singletons.
- Singletons are often preferred to global variables because:
Structure
Implementation
Implementation of a singleton pattern must satisfy the single instance and global access principles. It requires a mechanism to access the singleton class member without creating a class object and a mechanism to persist the value of class members among class objects. The singleton pattern is implemented by creating a class with a method that creates a new instance of the class if one does not exist. If an instance already exists, it simply returns a reference to that object. To make sure that the object cannot be instantiated any other way, the constructor is made private. Note the distinction between a simple static instance of a class and a singleton: although a singleton can be implemented as a static instance, it can also be lazily constructed, requiring no memory or resources until needed. Another notable difference is that static member classes cannot implement an interface, unless that interface is simply a marker. So if the class has to realize a contract expressed by an interface, it really has to be a singleton.The singleton pattern must be carefully constructed in multi-threaded applications. If two threads are to execute the creation method at the same time when a singleton does not yet exist, they both must check for an instance of the singleton and then only one should create the new one. If the programming language has concurrent processing capabilities the method should be constructed to execute as a mutually exclusive operation.
The classic solution to this problem is to use mutual exclusion on the class that indicates that the object is being instantiated.
Example
The Java programming language solutions provided here are all thread-safe but differ in supported language versions and lazy-loading. Since Java 5.0, the easiest way to create a Singleton is the enum type approach, given at the end of this section.Lazy initialization
public class Singleton { private static Singleton instance = null; private Singleton() { } public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } return instance; } }
Eager initialization
If the program will always need an instance, or if the cost of creating the instance is not too large in terms of time/resources, the programmer can switch to eager initialization, which always creates an instance:public class Singleton { private static Singleton _instance = new Singleton(); private Singleton() {} public static Singleton getInstance() { return _instance; } }
- There is no need to
synchronizethegetInstance()method. - The programmer does not have to worry about creation of the instance, because Java guarantees that the initialization will be run before the code is accessed by ANY class.
- If the program does not need the instance of the Singleton, then you may want to switch to lazy initialization.
Traditional simple way
This solution is thread-safe without requiring special language constructs, but it may lack the laziness of the one above. The INSTANCE is created as soon as the Singleton class is initialized. That might even be long before getInstance() is called. It might be (for example) when some static method of the class is used. If laziness is not needed or the instance needs to be created early in the application's execution, or your class has no other static members or methods that could prompt early initialization (and thus creation of the instance), this (slightly) simpler solution can be used:public class Singleton { private static final Singleton instance = new Singleton(); // Private constructor prevents instantiation from other classes private Singleton() { } public static Singleton getInstance() { return instance; } }
Static block initialization
Some authors[8] refer to a similar solution allowing some pre-processing (e.g. for error-checking). In this sense, the traditional approach could be seen as a particular case of this one, as the class loader would do exactly the same processing.public class Singleton { private static final Singleton instance; static { try { instance = new Singleton(); } catch (IOException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Darn, an error's occurred!", e); } } public static Singleton getInstance() { return instance; } private Singleton() { // ... } }
The solution of Bill Pugh
University of Maryland Computer Science researcher Bill Pugh has written about the code issues underlying the Singleton pattern when implemented in Java.[9] Pugh's efforts on the "Double-checked locking" idiom led to changes in the Java memory model in Java 5 and to what is generally regarded as the standard method to implement Singletons in Java. The technique known as the initialization on demand holder idiom, is as lazy as possible, and works in all known versions of Java. It takes advantage of language guarantees about class initialization, and will therefore work correctly in all Java-compliant compilers and virtual machines.The nested class is referenced no earlier (and therefore loaded no earlier by the class loader) than the moment that getInstance() is called. Thus, this solution is thread-safe without requiring special language constructs (i.e.
volatile or synchronized).public class Singleton { // Private constructor prevents instantiation from other classes private Singleton() { } /** * SingletonHolder is loaded on the first execution of Singleton.getInstance() * or the first access to SingletonHolder.INSTANCE, not before. */ private static class SingletonHolder { public static final Singleton instance = new Singleton(); } public static Singleton getInstance() { return SingletonHolder.instance; } }
The Enum way
In the second edition of his book "Effective Java" Joshua Bloch claims that "a single-element enum type is the best way to implement a singleton"[10] for any Java that supports enums. The use of an enum is very easy to implement and has no drawbacks regarding serializable objects, which have to be circumvented in the other ways.public enum Singleton { INSTANCE; public void execute (String arg) { //... perform operation here ... } }
This approach implements the singleton by taking advantage of Java's guarantee that any enum value is instantiated only once in a Java program. Since Java enum values are globally accessible, so is the singleton. The drawback is that the enum type is somewhat inflexible; for example, it does not allow lazy initialization.
Prototype-based singleton
In a prototype-based programming language, where objects but not classes are used, a "singleton" simply refers to an object without copies or that is not used as the prototype for any other object. Example in Io:Foo := Object clone Foo clone := Foo
Example of use with the factory method pattern
The singleton pattern is often used in conjunction with the factory method pattern to create a system-wide resource whose specific type is not known to the code that uses it. An example of using these two patterns together is the Java Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT).java.awt.Toolkit is an abstract class that binds the various AWT components to particular native toolkit implementations. The Toolkit class has a Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit() factory method that returns the platform-specific subclass of Toolkit. The Toolkit
object is a singleton because the AWT needs only a single object to
perform the binding and the object is relatively expensive to create.
The toolkit methods must be implemented in an object and not as static methods of a class because the specific implementation is not known by the platform-independent components. The name of the specific Toolkit subclass used is specified by the "awt.toolkit" environment property accessed through System.getProperties().The binding performed by the toolkit allows, for example, the backing implementation of a
java.awt.Window to bind to the platform-specific java.awt.peer.WindowPeer implementation. Neither the Window class nor the application using the window needs to be aware of which platform-specific subclass of the peer is used.
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